The Bhakti and Sufi traditions emphasized personal devotion, spiritual experience, and the use of local languages. Bhakti included saguna and nirguna worship, represented by Alvars, Nayanars, Kabir, Nanak, Mirabai, and others. Sufis organized through silsilas, khanqahs, and dargahs. Both challenged rigid rituals and caste divisions while influencing diverse communities.